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The notes in the octave below middle C are indicated by lowercase letters from c to b, the notes of the second octave below middle C are shown as C, D,…B, and the notes of the next lower octave as C′, D′,…B′. When frequency numbers are not used for a particular pitch, say D or B, a system of lowercase and capital letters indicates the octave in which it occurs. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the mid-20th century, pitch again tended to creep upward as some European woodwind builders used the pitch a′ = 444. England, in 1896, adopted the “ New Philharmonic Pitch” at a′ = 439 and, in 1939, adopted the U.S. An international commission met in Paris in 1858–59 and adopted a compromise pitch called diapason normal (known in the United States as “ French pitch” or “international pitch”) at a′ = 435. The inconvenience of this high pitch became apparent, for it strained singers’ voices and made wind instruments quickly out of date.
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By the latter half of the 19th century, it had reached the “ Old Philharmonic Pitch” of about a′ = 453. This new, or Baroque, pitch, called Kammerton (“chamber pitch”) in Germany, was one tone below the old Renaissance woodwind pitch, or Chorton (“choir pitch”).Īfter about 1760 the conventional pitch rose, reaching a′ = 440 by about 1820. In the mid-17th century the Hotteterres, Parisian instrument makers, remodeled the entire woodwind family, using the Paris organ pitch of about a′ = 415, or a semitone below a′ = 440. A confusing variety of pitches prevailed until the 19th century, when the continual rise in pitch made some international agreement a matter of practical necessity. For some eighty years previous, a′ had been set at 435 Hz. The current standard pitch of a′ = 440 Hz was adopted in 1939. Usually a′ above middle C (c′) is taken as a reference pitch. In Western music, standard pitches have long been used to facilitate tuning among various performing groups. A high frequency (e.g., 880 hertz ) is perceived as a high pitch and a low frequency (e.g., 55 Hz) as a low pitch. Sounds are higher or lower in pitch according to the frequency of vibration of the sound waves producing them. Pitch, in music, position of a single sound in the complete range of sound.
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